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The American Anthropological Association defines anthropology as “the study of humans, past and present. To understand the full sweep and complexity of cultures across all of human history, anthropology draws upon knowledge from the social and biological sciences as well as the humanities and physical sciences.”〔American Anthropological Association ( “What is Anthropology?” ) retrieved 2010-11-13〕 However, Samuel Gerald Collins of the Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice, Towson University, writing in the journal ''Science Fiction Studies'' has pointed out that: The anthropologist Leon E. Stover says of science fiction's relationship to anthropology: "Anthropological science fiction enjoys the philosophical luxury of providing answers to the question "What is man?" while anthropology the science is still learning how to frame it".〔Stover, Leon, E. "Anthropology and Science Fiction", ''Current Anthropology'', Vol. 14, No. 4 (Oct., 1973)〕 The editors of a collection of anthropological SF stories observed: Charles F. Urbanowicz, Professor of Anthropology, California State University, Chico has said of anthropology and SF: The difficulty in describing category boundaries for ‘anthropological SF’ is illustrated by a reviewer of an anthology of anthropological SF, written for the journal ''American Anthropologist'', which warned against too broad a definition of the subgenre, saying: "Just because a story has anthropologists as protagonists or makes vague references to 'culture' does not qualify it as anthropological science fiction, although it may be 'pop' anthropology." The writer concluded the book review with the opinion that only "twelve of the twenty-six selections can be considered as examples of anthropological science fiction."〔Sills, Yole, G. Review ''Apeman, Spaceman: Anthropological Science Fiction'', Leon E. Stover and Harry Harrison (eds.), ''American Anthropologist'', New Series, Vol. 71, No. 4 (Aug., 1969)〕 This difficulty of categorization explains the exclusions necessary when seeking the origins of the subgenre. Thus: Again, questions of description are not simple as Gary Westfahl observes: Despite being described as a "late-twentieth-century phenomenon" (above) anthropological SF's roots can be traced further back in history. H. G. Wells (1866 - 1946) has been called “the Shakespeare of SF”〔Aldiss, Brian W. and David Wingrove. ''Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction'', (London: Victor Gollanez, 1986)〕 and his first anthropological story has been identified by anthropologist Leon E. Stover as "The Grisly Folk".〔Wells, H. G. "The grisly folk," in ''Selected short stories'', (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968 (1921), pp. 285-98)〕 Stover notes that this story is about Neanderthal Man, and writing in 1973,〔 continues: "(story ) opens with the line 'Can these bones live?' Writers are still trying to make them live, the latest being Golding.〔Golding, William. ''The inheritors'' (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1962)〕 Some others in between have been de Camp,〔De Camp, L. Sprague, "The Gnarly Man" in ''The Wheels of If and Other Science Fiction'', (Chicago: Shasta, 1948 (1939), pp. 194-222.〕 Del Rey,〔Del Rey, Lester "Day is done," in Groff Conklin (ed.) ''Operation Future'' (New York: Permabooks, 1955 (1939), pp. 138-54)〕 Farmer,〔Farmer, Philip Jose "The alley man", in ''The alley god'', (New York: Ballantine, 1959, pp. 7-53.〕 and Klass.〔Klass, Morton "In the beginning," in Leon E. Stover and Harry Harrison (eds.) ''Apeman, spaceman'', (New York: Berkley, 1970 (1954), pp. 133-48).〕" A more contemporary example of the Neanderthal as subject is Robert J. Sawyer's trilogy “The Neanderthal Parallax” – here “scientists from an alternative earth in which Neanderthals superseded homo sapiens cross over to our world. The series as a whole allows Sawyer to explore questions of evolution and humanity’s relationship to the environment.”〔Barbour, Douglas. “Canadian Science Fiction” in Seed, David (ed.). ''A Companion to Science Fiction'' (Malden: Blackwell, 2008)〕 ==Authors and Works== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anthropological science fiction」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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